World History (US High School)
A standard US 9th/10th grade World History deck (C3 Framework / state standards). Covers early civilizations through the contemporary world: ancient and classical empires, post-classical era, exploration, revolutions, world wars, and globalization.
Ämne: Historia · Nivå: Gymnasium (16–19) · 463 kort
Innehåll
- The Neolithic Revolution (c. 10,000 BCE) was the transition from hunter-gatherer societies to settled agriculture and animal domestication, beginning in the Fertile Crescent.
- Mesopotamia, meaning "land between the rivers," developed between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in modern-day Iraq and is often called the cradle of civilization.
- The Sumerians invented cuneiform around 3200 BCE, one of the earliest known writing systems, originally used for trade records on clay tablets.
- The Code of Hammurabi (c. 1754 BCE) is one of the earliest preserved written legal codes, based on the principle of "an eye for an eye."
- Ancient Egypt developed along the Nile River, whose annual flooding deposited fertile silt that supported agriculture for over 3,000 years.
- Egyptian pharaohs were considered divine god-kings who maintained ma'at, the concept of cosmic order, truth, and justice.
- Hieroglyphics, the ancient Egyptian writing system, was deciphered in 1822 by Jean-François Champollion using the Rosetta Stone.
- The Indus Valley Civilization (c. 2600–1900 BCE) included planned cities such as Harappa and Mohenjo-daro, with sophisticated drainage and standardized brick sizes.
- The Shang Dynasty (c. 1600–1046 BCE) is the earliest Chinese dynasty confirmed by archaeology, known for oracle bones used in divination.
- The Mandate of Heaven was a Chinese political concept that justified the rule of the emperor and allowed for his overthrow if he ruled unjustly.
- Hinduism is the world's oldest major religion still practiced, originating in the Indian subcontinent and centered on concepts such as dharma, karma, and reincarnation.
- Siddhartha Gautama, known as the Buddha, founded Buddhism in northern India in the 6th–5th century BCE, teaching the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path.
- Judaism is one of the oldest monotheistic religions, tracing its origins to Abraham and recognizing the Torah as its central sacred text.
- Confucius (551–479 BCE) taught a philosophy emphasizing social harmony, family loyalty, education, and respect for elders, which became central to Chinese culture.
- Daoism (Taoism), traditionally attributed to Laozi, emphasizes living in harmony with the Dao ("the Way") and influenced Chinese art, medicine, and philosophy.
- Legalism, the official philosophy of the Qin Dynasty, held that humans are inherently selfish and require strict laws and harsh punishments to maintain order.
- Qin Shi Huangdi (r. 221–210 BCE) unified China, standardized weights, measures, and writing, and began construction of what became the Great Wall.
- The Han Dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE) expanded Chinese territory, established the civil service exam system, and opened the Silk Road for long-distance trade.
- The Persian Empire under Darius I (522–486 BCE) was the largest empire of the ancient world, connected by the Royal Road and organized into satrapies.
- Zoroastrianism, founded by Zoroaster in ancient Persia, is a dualistic religion centering on the conflict between the god Ahura Mazda and the evil spirit Angra Mainyu.
- Ancient Greek city-states (polis), such as Athens and Sparta, were politically independent communities that shared language, religion, and culture but often fought each other.
- Athenian democracy under Pericles (5th century BCE) was a direct democracy in which adult male citizens voted on laws, though women, enslaved people, and foreigners were excluded.
- Sparta was a militarized Greek city-state in which boys began rigorous military training (the agoge) at age seven and citizens served as soldiers for life.
- The Greco-Persian Wars (499–449 BCE) included battles at Marathon, Thermopylae, and Salamis, in which Greek victories preserved Greek independence.
- Alexander the Great (356–323 BCE) conquered the Persian Empire and spread Greek culture from Egypt to India, creating the Hellenistic Age.
- Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle were ancient Greek philosophers who laid the foundations of Western philosophy through inquiry into ethics, politics, and knowledge.
- The Roman Republic (509–27 BCE) was governed by elected officials, including two consuls and the Senate, with power divided to prevent tyranny.
- The Punic Wars (264–146 BCE) were three wars between Rome and Carthage that ended with the destruction of Carthage and Roman dominance of the western Mediterranean.
- Julius Caesar crossed the Rubicon River in 49 BCE, starting a civil war that led to his rise as dictator and the end of the Roman Republic.
- Augustus (Octavian) became the first Roman emperor in 27 BCE and inaugurated the Pax Romana, roughly two centuries of relative peace and prosperity.
- Christianity originated in 1st-century Roman Judea, based on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth as recorded in the New Testament Gospels.
- Emperor Constantine issued the Edict of Milan in 313 CE, legalizing Christianity in the Roman Empire, and called the Council of Nicaea in 325 CE.
- The western Roman Empire fell in 476 CE when the Germanic chieftain Odoacer deposed the last emperor, Romulus Augustulus.
- The Maurya Empire (322–185 BCE), founded by Chandragupta Maurya, was the first to unify most of the Indian subcontinent.
- Ashoka the Great converted to Buddhism after a devastating war against Kalinga and promoted Buddhist principles of nonviolence and tolerance across his empire.
- The Gupta Empire (c. 320–550 CE) is often called India's golden age for its advances in mathematics, including the concept of zero and the decimal system.
- The Silk Road was a network of trade routes connecting China with the Mediterranean world, carrying silk, spices, ideas, and diseases between East and West.
- Islam was founded by the Prophet Muhammad in Arabia in the 7th century CE; its central text is the Quran, believed to be revealed by God (Allah).
- The Hijra, Muhammad's migration from Mecca to Medina in 622 CE, marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar.
- The Five Pillars of Islam are the declaration of faith (shahada), prayer (salat), almsgiving (zakat), fasting during Ramadan (sawm), and pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj).
- Sunni and Shia are the two main branches of Islam, divided over the question of legitimate succession after Muhammad's death in 632 CE.
- The Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258) established Baghdad as its capital and presided over the Islamic Golden Age of science, philosophy, and art.
- The House of Wisdom in Baghdad was a major intellectual center where scholars translated Greek, Persian, and Indian texts and made advances in algebra, astronomy, and medicine.
- Ibn Sina (Avicenna) wrote The Canon of Medicine, a medical encyclopedia used in European universities for hundreds of years.
- The Byzantine Empire, centered on Constantinople, was the eastern continuation of the Roman Empire and lasted until the Ottoman conquest in 1453.
- Emperor Justinian (r. 527–565) codified Roman law into the Corpus Juris Civilis and built the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople.
- The Great Schism of 1054 split Christianity into the Roman Catholic Church (West) and the Eastern Orthodox Church (East) over doctrinal and political disputes.
- Charlemagne, king of the Franks, was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III on Christmas Day 800 CE, briefly reuniting much of western Europe.
- Feudalism was the medieval European social system in which lords granted land (fiefs) to vassals in exchange for military service, while peasants worked the land as serfs.
- Manorialism was the economic side of medieval European feudalism, in which a self-sufficient estate (manor) was farmed by serfs bound to the land.