US History (US High School)
Comprehensive deck covering US High School US History (11th grade standard course): pre-Columbian America through contemporary times. Includes key documents, Supreme Court cases, major events, and primary-source figures aligned with C3 Framework / state standards.
Ämne: Historia · Nivå: Gymnasium (16–19) · 478 kort
Innehåll
- Before European contact, Indigenous peoples developed diverse societies across North America, including the Iroquois Confederacy, Mississippian mound-builders, Pueblo communities, and Pacific Northwest fishing cultures.
- Christopher Columbus reached the Caribbean in 1492, sponsored by Spanish monarchs Ferdinand and Isabella, beginning sustained European contact with the Americas.
- The Columbian Exchange was the transfer of plants, animals, diseases, people, and ideas between the Old and New Worlds after 1492, transforming both hemispheres.
- Disease, especially smallpox, devastated Native American populations after European contact, killing an estimated 80–90% in some regions within a century.
- Jamestown, founded in 1607 in Virginia, was the first permanent English settlement in North America. Tobacco cultivation made it economically viable.
- The Mayflower Compact (1620) was an agreement among the Pilgrims to form a 'civil body politic' and create self-government rooted in majority consent.
- The Puritans, who settled Massachusetts Bay Colony starting in 1630 under John Winthrop, sought to establish a 'city upon a hill' as a model religious community.
- Roger Williams founded Rhode Island in 1636 after being banished from Massachusetts, championing religious tolerance and separation of church and state.
- Anne Hutchinson was banished from Massachusetts in 1638 for challenging Puritan clergy with her own theological interpretations and antinomian views.
- Spanish colonization in the Americas focused on extracting precious metals via the encomienda system, which forced Indigenous labor in mines and on plantations.
- French colonization in North America (New France) centered on the fur trade and emphasized cooperation and intermarriage with Indigenous peoples like the Huron.
- The Dutch founded New Netherland in 1624, with New Amsterdam (later New York) as its capital. The English seized the colony in 1664.
- The triangular trade connected Europe, Africa, and the Americas: manufactured goods to Africa, enslaved Africans to the Americas, and raw materials back to Europe.
- The Middle Passage was the brutal trans-Atlantic voyage that brought roughly 12.5 million enslaved Africans to the Americas between the 1500s and 1800s.
- Bacon's Rebellion (1676) in Virginia united poor whites and Black indentured servants against Governor Berkeley, accelerating the colony's shift toward racial slavery.
- The Salem Witch Trials (1692–93) in Massachusetts resulted in 20 executions and reflected Puritan religious tensions, social anxieties, and gender dynamics.
- The Great Awakening (1730s–40s) was a religious revival led by preachers like Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield that emphasized personal faith and individual choice.
- The Enlightenment introduced ideas about natural rights, social contract, and consent of the governed—ideas that deeply shaped the American Revolution.
- John Locke argued in 'Two Treatises of Government' (1689) that governments derive authority from the consent of the governed and exist to protect life, liberty, and property.
- Mercantilism was the dominant European economic theory that colonies existed to enrich the mother country by supplying raw materials and consuming finished goods.
- The French and Indian War (1754–63) was the North American theater of the global Seven Years' War; Britain's victory removed France from North America but left massive war debt.
- The Proclamation of 1763 forbade colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains, angering colonists eager for new land after the French and Indian War.
- The Stamp Act of 1765 was the first direct tax on the American colonies, requiring revenue stamps on printed materials; it sparked the rallying cry 'No taxation without representation.'
- The Boston Massacre (1770) was an incident in which British soldiers killed five colonists; Paul Revere's engraving turned it into powerful anti-British propaganda.
- The Boston Tea Party (1773) was a protest by the Sons of Liberty against the Tea Act; colonists dumped 342 chests of British tea into Boston Harbor.
- The Intolerable Acts (1774) were punitive British laws after the Boston Tea Party, including the closure of Boston Harbor and the revocation of Massachusetts's charter.
- The First Continental Congress (1774) brought delegates from 12 colonies to coordinate resistance to the Intolerable Acts and call for a boycott of British goods.
- The battles of Lexington and Concord (April 1775) marked the start of armed conflict in the American Revolution—'the shot heard round the world.'
- Thomas Paine's pamphlet 'Common Sense' (January 1776) made an accessible case for independence from Britain and sold more than 100,000 copies in its first months.
- The Declaration of Independence, adopted July 4, 1776, was largely drafted by Thomas Jefferson and asserted the natural rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.
- George Washington was appointed commander-in-chief of the Continental Army in 1775 and led it through major defeats and victories until the British surrender at Yorktown in 1781.
- The Battle of Saratoga (1777) was the turning point of the Revolution: the American victory persuaded France to enter the war as a formal ally.
- The Treaty of Paris (1783) ended the Revolutionary War: Britain recognized American independence and ceded territory east of the Mississippi River to the new United States.
- The Articles of Confederation (1781–89) created a weak national government with no executive, no power to tax, and no national army—flaws that prompted constitutional reform.
- The Northwest Ordinance (1787) set rules for admitting new states from the Northwest Territory, banned slavery in the region, and protected basic civil rights.
- Shays' Rebellion (1786–87) was an armed uprising by Massachusetts farmers against tax collection; it exposed the weakness of the Articles and spurred calls for a stronger government.
- The Constitutional Convention (1787) in Philadelphia drafted a new federal constitution. James Madison kept extensive notes and is considered the 'Father of the Constitution.'
- The Great Compromise (Connecticut Compromise) created a bicameral Congress: equal representation in the Senate and proportional representation in the House.
- The Three-Fifths Compromise counted enslaved persons as three-fifths of a person for purposes of representation and direct taxation, inflating Southern political power.
- Federalists supported ratification of the Constitution and a strong central government; Anti-Federalists feared centralized power and demanded a Bill of Rights.
- The Federalist Papers were 85 essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay under the pseudonym 'Publius' to argue for ratifying the Constitution.
- Federalist No. 10, by Madison, argues that an extended republic with many factions is the best safeguard against tyranny of the majority.
- Federalist No. 51, by Madison, defends separation of powers and checks and balances, observing that 'if men were angels, no government would be necessary.'
- The US Constitution was ratified in 1788 and went into effect in 1789, creating a federal system with three branches: legislative, executive, and judicial.
- The Bill of Rights, the first ten amendments to the Constitution, was ratified in 1791 to protect individual liberties from federal interference.
- The First Amendment protects freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and the right to petition the government.
- George Washington was inaugurated as the first US president in 1789. His Farewell Address (1796) warned against permanent foreign alliances and political parties.
- Alexander Hamilton, first Treasury Secretary, pushed a financial program: federal assumption of state debts, a national bank, and protective tariffs to encourage industry.
- The first US political parties were the Federalists (Hamilton, John Adams) favoring a strong central government, and the Democratic-Republicans (Jefferson, Madison) favoring states' rights.
- The Whiskey Rebellion (1794) was an uprising by Pennsylvania farmers against the federal excise tax on whiskey; Washington led troops to assert federal authority.