History (KS3)
UK Key Stage 3 history: from the Norman Conquest of 1066 through to twentieth-century Britain and the wider world.
Ämne: Historia · Nivå: Högstadium (13–15) · 441 kort
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- The Norman Conquest of England began in 1066 after the death of King Edward the Confessor triggered a succession crisis.
- At the Battle of Stamford Bridge in September 1066, King Harold Godwinson defeated the Norwegian invader Harald Hardrada.
- At the Battle of Hastings on 14 October 1066, William of Normandy defeated Harold Godwinson, who died in the fighting.
- William the Conqueror was crowned king of England in Westminster Abbey on Christmas Day 1066.
- The Domesday Book, completed in 1086, was a detailed survey of land and wealth in England ordered by William the Conqueror.
- Under the feudal system, the king granted land to barons, who in turn supported knights, while peasants worked the land at the bottom of the hierarchy.
- Early Norman castles were built quickly as wooden motte-and-bailey structures, before being rebuilt in stone for greater defence.
- King John sealed Magna Carta at Runnymede in 1215, agreeing limits on royal power and certain legal rights for his barons.
- The Crusades were a series of medieval military campaigns by Christian European powers aimed at controlling holy sites in the Middle East.
- The Black Death, an outbreak of plague in 1348-49, is estimated to have killed roughly a third of England's population.
- The Peasants' Revolt of 1381, led by Wat Tyler, was triggered largely by anger at the Poll Tax and harsh conditions after the Black Death.
- The Hundred Years' War between England and France lasted from 1337 to 1453, with English claims to the French throne at its centre.
- The Wars of the Roses (1455-1487) were fought between the House of Lancaster, symbolised by a red rose, and the House of York, symbolised by a white rose.
- Henry Tudor became Henry VII after defeating Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth in 1485, ending the Wars of the Roses.
- Henry VIII broke with the Roman Catholic Church and made himself head of the Church of England through the 1534 Act of Supremacy.
- The dissolution of the monasteries under Henry VIII closed religious houses across England and Wales and transferred their wealth to the Crown.
- Elizabeth I's navy defeated the Spanish Armada in 1588, helping to secure Protestant England against Catholic Spain.
- The Gunpowder Plot of 5 November 1605, in which Guy Fawkes and his fellow Catholic plotters tried to blow up Parliament, was foiled.
- The English Civil War (1642-1649) pitted Parliament's Roundheads against the king's Cavaliers and ended with the execution of Charles I in 1649.
- After the execution of Charles I, England was ruled as a republic, with Oliver Cromwell leading the Commonwealth until his death in 1658.
- The Great Fire of London in 1666 destroyed much of the medieval city, including old St Paul's Cathedral.
- The Glorious Revolution of 1688 saw William of Orange and his wife Mary II replace the Catholic James II, leading to the Bill of Rights in 1689.
- The Industrial Revolution began in Britain in the second half of the 18th century, driven by new machines, steam power and growing factories.
- James Watt's improved steam engine of 1769 became a key technology of the Industrial Revolution, powering factories, mines and later transport.
- The Slavery Abolition Act of 1833 ended slavery across most of the British Empire, following the 1807 Act that had abolished the slave trade itself.
- The First World War (1914-1918) was triggered by the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary on 28 June 1914 in Sarajevo.
- Much of the fighting on the Western Front in the First World War took place from trenches, with massive casualties at battles such as the Somme in 1916.
- Britain declared war on Nazi Germany on 3 September 1939, after Germany's invasion of Poland marked the start of the Second World War.
- The Holocaust was the Nazi regime's genocide of around six million Jewish people, along with millions of other victims, during the Second World War.
- Hadrian's Wall, begun around 122 AD, ran some 73 miles across northern Britain and marked the north-western frontier of the Roman Empire.
- Roman rule in Britain ended around 410 AD, when the emperor Honorius told Britons that they would have to defend themselves against barbarian raids.
- In 793 AD, Viking raiders attacked the monastery of Lindisfarne off the coast of Northumbria, an event often seen as the start of the Viking Age in Britain.
- Alfred the Great of Wessex defeated the Viking leader Guthrum at the Battle of Edington in 878, leading to a treaty that divided England between Wessex and the Danelaw.
- The Bayeux Tapestry, embroidered around 1070, is a long strip of linen telling the story of the Norman Conquest of 1066 in pictures and Latin captions.
- During the Harrying of the North in 1069-70, William the Conqueror crushed rebellions in northern England by burning villages and crops, causing widespread famine.
- Construction of the White Tower at the Tower of London began around 1078 under William the Conqueror, replacing an earlier wooden fort with a massive stone keep.
- Medieval society was often described in terms of three estates: those who pray (clergy), those who fight (nobles) and those who work (peasants).
- Archbishop Thomas Becket was murdered by knights loyal to Henry II inside Canterbury Cathedral in 1170, after which his tomb became a major pilgrimage site.
- At the Battle of Agincourt in 1415, Henry V's outnumbered English army used massed longbowmen to defeat a much larger French force in heavy armour.
- Joan of Arc, a young French peasant girl, helped lift the English siege of Orleans in 1429 but was later captured, tried for heresy and burned at the stake in 1431.
- In 1517, the German monk Martin Luther famously protested against the Catholic Church's sale of indulgences with his Ninety-Five Theses, sparking the Protestant Reformation.
- Francis Drake completed the first English circumnavigation of the globe between 1577 and 1580, returning to Plymouth aboard the Golden Hind.
- Charles I was beheaded outside the Banqueting House in Whitehall on 30 January 1649, the only English monarch ever executed by his own subjects.
- The Great Plague of 1665 was the last major outbreak of bubonic plague in England and killed roughly 100,000 people in London alone.
- The East India Company, founded in 1600, grew over the next two centuries into a powerful private corporation that ruled large parts of India before being taken over by the British state.
- Following the American Revolutionary War (1775-83), the Thirteen Colonies declared independence on 4 July 1776 and eventually formed the United States of America.
- Australia was colonised by the British from 1788, when the First Fleet arrived at Botany Bay carrying convicts, soldiers and settlers.
- The Spinning Jenny, invented by James Hargreaves around 1764, allowed a single worker to spin several threads of cotton at the same time and helped to mechanise the textile industry.
- The Great Reform Act of 1832 redrew constituency boundaries and gave the vote to more middle-class men, although the great majority of adults still could not vote.
- In 1918, the Representation of the People Act gave the vote to most women over 30 and to nearly all men over 21; full equal franchise for women aged 21 followed in 1928.